مجله دانشکده دندان پزشکی اصفهان
سال نهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 41، دی 1392)

The grape seed is rich in anthocyanin, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins. The present investigation was carried out to study cytotoxic effects of hydromethanolic extract of grape seed on oral squamous cell carcinoma KB cell line and induction of apoptosis in these cells.

In the present experimental study grape seeds were extracted with 90% hydromethanolic solvent. Then KB cells were treated with different concentrations of crude extract. The cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT (Micro-culture tetrazolium test) assay in 24 hours. ELISA assay was used to measure induction of apoptosis after 24 hours. Data was analyzed with SPSS 20 and one-way ANOVA (α=0.05).

Data from MTT revealed that hydromethanolic crude extract of grape seed had growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activity on KB cell line in (IC50 = 417.370 Mg/mL) after 24 hours. In ELISA assay apoptosis cell death rate was determined to be about 68% after 24 hours. Cell morphology alteration analysis showed major apoptosis changes and the extract resulted in significant cell death in the treated group (p value = 0.002).

Under the limitations of the present study, crude grape seed extract had an inhibitory effect on the growth of neoplastic KB cell line, inducing apoptosis in these cells. Grape seed extract appears to be an appropriate candidate for identification and purification of its active compounds.

Stress plays an important role in producing mental disorders and reducing the efficacy of individuals. University students are exposed to many stressors; especially dental students are exposed to high levels of stress because of the nature of dental profession, working in a clinical environment, and high amount of theoretical courses and practical assignments. This study aimed to assess the perceived stress due to different factors among senior dental students of the Medical Sciences Universities in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 298 senior dental students who were in the last two years of their studies were included. The samples were selected by a multi-stage sampling of the three first-ranking faculties and four second-ranking faculties of medical sciences universities in Iran. Data were gathered by a self-administered questionnaire which evaluated 37 stressors and evaluated by descriptive analyses and independent t-test. Of all the students evaluated, 57.5% were female; 45% declared that they experienced stress during dental procedures because of worried about transmission of communicable infectious diseases like AIDS and hepatitis. The most important stressful factors for students were insufficient time between the theoretical classes and the practical courses (38%), and insufficient number of academic staff members for the students (36%) were other stressful factors. Stressful factors related to educational issues and being worried about communicable infectious diseases were more prominent in female students than male students, while working during study years was more stressful for male students (p value < 0.05). The findings of this study showed that factors such as being worried about communicable infectious diseases and some factors related to educational issues are stressful factors among university students.

Mast cells are important stromal elements, with different roles in tumorigenesis, including their effect on tumor growth, progression, differentiation and invasion. Histologic grading shows tumor differentiation and is used to predict the invasive behavior of various tumors, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate and mast cell density (MCD) and its relationship with different grades of OSCC based on three different valid grading systems. In this experimental study, 42 histologic block samples of OSCC were retrieved from the archives of Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After hematoxylin and eosin staining of the sections, they were graded according to the methods described by Broder, Anneroth and Bryne. All the samples were subjected to toluidine-blue staining and MCD was determined in 10 fields at ×40. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Means ± standard deviations of MCD in low-, intermediate- and high-grade tumors were 42.07±23.45, 33±20.32 and 24.92±15.81 according to Broder; 36.08±27.88, 34.38±19.85 and 27±6.32 based on Bryne and 33.25±26.35, 33.50±18.99 and 34.46±21.92 using the Anneroth system, respectively. There were no significant differences in MCD between different OSCC grades in any of the three grading systems (p value = 0.11, p value = 0.68, p value = 0.99). Based on the results of the present study, there is no relationship between MCD in OSCC and the tumor grade in the three grading systems evaluated in this study.

Cigarette smoking is one of the most significant environmental factors in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. Some studies have shown the deleterious effect of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on response to periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the results of non-surgical periodontal treatment between non-smokers and passive smokers with chronic periodontitis. This study included 40 patients with chronic periodontitis, aged 20 to 50. The subjects were divided into two groups based on exposure or lack of exposure to environmental smoke. Both groups were treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy. Four periodontal parameters, including probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index, were measured and recorded before treatment and -month and 3-month post-operative intervals. The clinical periodontal parameters were compared at 0.95 level of significance, using ANOVA, paired t-test and independent t-test with SPSS 19. There were statistically significant improvements in all the clinical parameters 1 month and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment compared to preoperative clinical parameter means in both groups (p value < 0.001). Despite improvements in clinical parameters in general, probing depth and clinical attachment level 1 month and 3 months after treatment exhibited significantly higher improvements in non-smokers compared to passive smokers (p value < 0.05). However, 1 and 3 months after treatment bleeding on probing and plaque index scores did not show any significant differences between the two groups (p value = 0.461 and p value = 0.770, respectively). Under the limitations of the present study, ETS adversely affected the results of non-surgical periodontal therapy and the response to treatment in non-smokers was better than that in passive smokers.

Use of dental implants is increasing in the treatment of edentulous patients, necessitating extensive radiographic assessments to evaluate height, width and structure of the bone for placement of implants, which needs several radiographic techniques. This study was designed to evaluate the mean distance between the nasal cavity floor and the apex of maxillary central incisor on lateral cephalometric, panoramic and periapical radiographs. In this random descriptive/analytical study 16 patients referring Afzal Dental Clinic in Isfahan city, who all had taken lateral cephalometric, panoramic and periapical radiographs of maxillary central incisors were included. The distance between the apex of maxillary central incisor and the nasal cavity floor was measured by a caliper. Data was analyzed by SPSS via paired t-test and regression statistical test (α=0.05). According to data analysis, mean distance between the apex of maxillary central incisor and the nasal floor on periapical radiographs had a significant difference with the actual distance (gold standard) measured on lateral cephalometric radiographs (p value < 0.001) and it was less than the actual size. The same measurement achieved on panoramic radiographs and actual distance measured on lateral cephalometry showed a significant difference (p value = 0.017) and it was less than the actual size. Under the limitations of this study, it was concluded that both measurements made on panoramic and periapical radiographs underestimated the nasal cavity floor distance to the apex of maxillary central incisors.

Studies have shown that different factors affect the oral health-related quality of life in children. Considering the shortcomings of literature on preschool children, this study was designed and conducted to determine the level of oral health-related quality of life of 2‒5-year-old children of Shiraz and to assess its relationship with the socioeconomic status of their families. In an analytical cross-sectional study, 300 parents of 2‒5-year-old children living in three (affluent, average and deprived) areas of the city of Shiraz were asked to fill the F-ECOHIS questionnaire, which is a standardized Farsi translation of ECOHIS questionnaire. To assess socioeconomic status of families, the information about family income, educational level of parents, number of children in the family, and the sequence of birth of children in the family were collected along with demographic data. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17 using independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (α=0.05). The mean F-ECOHIS score of all the children was 20.70 (from 13 to 53.85). The level of oral health-related quality of life increased from more deprived to more affluent areas (p value = 0.005), and with an increase in family income (p value < 0.001), and parent's level of education (p value < 0.001). The level of oral health-related quality of life decreased with an increase in the number of children in the family (p value < 0.001) and the child's birth rank in the family (p value < 0.001). No significant differences were found between boys and girls (p value = 0.302). The results of this study showed that the oral health-related quality of life of 2‒5-year-old children of Shiraz had a direct relationship with socioeconomic status of their family.

Mandibular third molar impaction can sometimes be associated with pathological phenomena such as caries, pericoronitis and cystic lesions. The aim of this study was determination of some anatomic factors, including gonial, alpha and beta angles and Ganss ratio for predicting mandibular third molar impaction. In this cross-sectional descriptive/analytical study, 98 panoramic radiographs of patients, aged 20‒30, were divided into two groups of erupted and mesioangularly impacted third molars. Inclination of the third molar to the second molar (beta angle), third molar angle to the base of the mandible (alpha angle), the distance between the most distal point of the second molar to the anterior border of the ramus (Ganss ratio), and the angle between the posterior border of the ramus and lower border of mandible (gonial angle) were recorded. Data were analyzed by t-test using SPSS 11.5 (α=0.05). Means of gonial angles in the mesioangularly impacted and erupted groups were 122.8° and 122.5°, respectively, with no significant differences (p value = 0.66). Means of beta and alpha angles and Ganss ratios in the erupted group on the right side were 42.64°, 86.11° and 1.24 and in the mesioangularly impacted group they were 21.48°, 70.85° and 0.82. Means of beta and alpha angles and Ganss ratio on the left side in the erupted group were 9.26° and 94.1° and 1.22 and in the impacted group they were 25.7° and 71.25° and 0.82 (p value < 0.001). Alpha and beta angles and Ganss ratios were appropriate discriminative factors for predicting impaction of mandibular third molars. The means of Ganss ratios and beta angle were higher in the impacted group and the alpha angle was greater in the erupted group. Gonial angle could not be a suitable discriminative factor for predicting the impaction of third molars. It appears by determining alpha and beta angles and Ganss ratio on panoramic radiographs at 20 years of age it is possible to predict eruption status of third molars.

Carabelli's and talon accessory cusps are of anthropological and clinical significance. Considering the small number of research in this field on the Iranian race, evaluation of the prevalence of both of these dental traits seems necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of talon cusp in lateral incisors and Carabelli’s cusp in maxillary first molars. This descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study was carried out by dental cast preparation and direct observation on 356 random cases. The results were analyzed with chi-squared test using SPSS 17 (α=0.05). Among 356 referred patients, 214 cases (61%) had Carabelli’s cusp and 17 cases (5%) had talon cusp. A total of 140 cases (65%) of Carabelli’s cusps were bilateral and 74 cases (35%) were unilateral. For talon cusp, 12 cases (71%) were bilateral and 5% (29%) were unilateral. No significant association was seen between gender and Carabelli’s cusp (p value = 0.279) and talon cusp (p value = 0.759). Carabelli's cusp had a tendency to be bilateral (p value = 0.001). Unlike talon cusp, the prevalence of Carabelli’s cusp was significant in the Iranian population. It was mostly bilateral and not gender-dependent.

Use of digital radiography in dentistry, as a new imaging technique, continues to increase. A digital system has numerous advantages. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the use of digital radiography and the reasons for using or not using digital imaging systems among dentists in Esfahan in 2012. In the present descriptive/analytical survey, 140 dentists who participated in continuing education courses in 2012 were randomly included. The participants received a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions and filled it on the spot. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 using chi-squared test and t-test (α=0.05). Ten responders (7.2%) had digital equipment in their office; 104 dentists (74.8%) prescribed digital radiographs for referring patients to radiology centers. The most important reasons for using digital systems by the respondents were no need for film processing steps, absence of artifacts due to film processing procedures and low radiation doses. There were no significant differences between the users and non-users of digital systems in relation to educational degree (general practitioner or specialist) and years in dentistry (p value = 0.619, years in dentistry; p value = 0.45, educational degree). Under the limitations of the present study, although the frequency of the use of digital radiographic systems is low in dental offices in Esfahan, it is advisable top order digital radiographs when referring patients to radiology centers. Lack of need for film processing steps and high costs are the reasons for using and not using digital systems, respectively.

Celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disorder affecting both children and adults، resulting in small intestine mucosal disruption via an autoimmune mechanism in patients with genetic predilection. Classic signs of the disease are chronic abdominal signs (diarrhea، flatus)، amnesia، weight loss، malnutrition and anemia. However، many of the patients have atypical signs without gastrointestinal signs. Delay in diagnosis and treatment could lead to complications. This review article summarizes the common oral manifestation of celiac disease. In addition، it evaluates oral signs of atypical cases which are the only approach for dentists to diagnose the disease. Review report: A search was run for the key word “celiac”، combined with “oral manifestation” in Iran medical databases (medlib. ir) and in library sources، including reference books، PubMed، Scopus and Google search engine from 1982 to 2012. Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluated. Since many people with celiac disease do not present with the classic malabsorptive syndrome and delays in the diagnosis are common، oral manifestation such as dental enamel defects and recurrent aphthous ulcers may be the only manifestations of this disorder. Dentists can play an important role in identifying people who may have unrecognized celiac disease. Appropriate referral and a timely diagnosis can help prevent serious complications of this disorder.